Dec 10, 1956-1956
Haiti
Strikes in response to Magloire’s usurpation
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ACTIVISTS/ACT.GROUPS/DESCRIPTION OF THE GROUP
Businesses and labor groups
TARGET
Magloire's regime
WIDELY HELD BELIEF
Free and fair election is the right way to form a government.
CASE NARRATIVE
Issue and Opponent: President Magloire was elected in 1950 with 99% of the vote. He initially implemented a series of reforms and programs that benefitted the socioeconomic conditions in Haiti. Although President Magloire promoted economic growth in Haiti, he restricted Haitian liberties, jailed dissidents, and actively attacked union owners. Economic conditions worsened throughout his presidency. Tensions rose in December 1956 after the people widely misread that Magloire’s presidency ended on May 15, 1956. This led to the emergence of underground radical groups, protests, and anti-regime pamphlets.
Dilemma Action: On December 10th, labor groups and businesses organized a massive strike that put the country at a standstill. Bus drivers refused to transport food to the capital, lawyers refused to accept cases, students did not attend classes, shopkeepers refused to open their stores, and government workers left work early.
Outcomes: Magloire paid personal visits to the leaders of businesses to force them to sign an agreement to end the strike. Despite this agreement, shops remained closed as a symbol of defiance, which resulted in Magloire resigning and consigning to defeat on December 12th.
PRIMARY STRUGGLE/GOAL
NONVIOLENT TACTICS USED
DA TACTICS USED
Traders’ boycott
CASE NARRATIVE WRITER
SUCCESS METRICS
8 / 12
(EREP) Dilemma action got replicated by other movements
(MC) Media Coverage
(MSYMP) Media coverage was sympathetic to the activists
(PS) Dilemma action built sympathy with the public
(PUN) Punishment favored the activists
(REFR) Dilemma action reframed the narrative of the opponent
(RF) Dilemma action reduced fear and/or apathy among the activists
(SA) Dilemma action appealed to a broad segment of the public
PART OF A LARGER CAMPAIGN
3 / 3
Activist group continued working together after the action
Encouraged more participants to join the movement
Internally replicated by the same movement
RESOURCES
Project documentation
Dilemma Actions Coding Guidebook
Case study documentation
Dilemma_Actions_Analysis_Dataset
SOURCES
Medeiros, Susana. 2012. “Haitians strike and overthrow a dictator, 1956,” Global Nonviolent Action Database. (https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/haitians-strike-and-overthrow-dictator-1956).
Kennedy, Paul P. 1956. “MORE JOIN STRIKE IN HAITI’S CAPITAL; Almost All Concerns Closed in the 2d Day of Walkout Aimed Against Regime U.S. Agencies Accused U.S. Attitude Cautious Stand of Opposition,” The New York Times, December 12. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://www.nytimes.com/1956/12/12/archives/more-join-strike-in-haitis-capital-almost-all-concerns-closed-in.html).
Kennedy, Paul P 1956. “Strike Against Magloire Regime Almost Paralyzes Haiti’s Capital; STRIKE CRIPPLES HAITI’S CAPITAL Political Crisis Faced Opposition in Leaders Held,” The New York Times, December 11. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://www.nytimes.com/1956/12/11/archives/strike-against-magloire-regime-almost-paralyzes-haitis-capital.html).
The New York Times. 1956. “Magloire, as Exile, Flies to Jamaica; Haitians Celebrate; MAGLOIRE LEAVES HAITI AS AN EXILE General Strike Effective,” December 14. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://www.nytimes.com/1956/12/14/archives/magloire-as-exile-flies-to-jamaica-haitians-celebrate-magloire.html).
Parkman, Patricia. 1990. “Insurrectionary Civil Strikes in Latin America, 19310961.” Cambridge: The Albert Einstein Institution. Retrieved July 20, 2023. (https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book//lookupid?key=olbp72978).
Smith, Matthew J. 2009. “Red and Black in Haiti: Radicalism, Conflict, and Political Change, 1934-1957,” The University of North Carolina Press. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
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